Applying the World-System theory in the conservation sciences to understand COVID-19 pandemic as a socio-environmental synergy

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2023-03-12.02-1-15

Keywords:

Biodiversity conservation, Anthropause, World-System, Ecological crises, Social inequality, Interdisciplinary

Abstract

The pandemic of COVID-19 caused a global epidemiological, economic and social crisis. In the conservation sciences, several studies have focused efforts on understanding the effects of declining human activities on biodiversity, understanding the pandemic as an anthropogenic "pause"of global scale. But the impact of the pandemic was not the same for everyone. Different impacts are consequences of political and ethical questions about who and what can pause or be paused, according to what authority and under what conditions. Therefore, the historical asymmetrical relations of power in the World System are crucial to understanding environmental impacts and thinking about solutions in the post-pandemic world. This article discusses why historical local-global inequalities should be an indispensable reference variable for examining the different experiences caused by the pandemic in biodiversity, aiming at advancing the discussion about the society-nature relationship that the pandemic has spurred. To do so, we use the World-System Theory, initially proposed by Wallerstein, whose analytical categories allow us to situate nature conservation within broader economic, historical, and contemporary contexts. We argue for the understanding of biodiversity conservation in the context of the historical-sociological and global-local relations of the World-System. Finally, we discuss that the COVID-19 pandemic should be understood as an emergent phenomenon of the society-nature dynamic of the world-system.

References

Alaei K, Akgüngör S, Chao WF, Hasan S, Marshall A, Schultz E, Alaei A. (2019). Cross-country analysis of correlation between protection of women’s economic and social rights, health improvement and sustainable development. BMJ Open 9, e021350, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021350

Allen T, Murray KA, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Morse SS, Rondinini C, et al. (2017). Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases. Nat. Commun., 8: 1124–1124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00923-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00923-8

Alon TM, Doepke M, Olmstead-Rumsey J, Tertilt M (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality. NBER. n. w26947, https://doi.org/10.3386/w26947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w26947

Amin A. (2002). Spatialities of globalisation. Environ. Plan. 34(3), 385-399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a3439

Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC and Garry RF (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Med.: 26, 450–452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9

Ankit KA, Jain V, et al. (2021). Environmental impact of COVID-19 pandemic: more negatives than positives. Environmental Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-021-00159-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-021-00159-9

Azevedo JC, Luque S, Dobbs C, et al. (2020). The ethics of isolation, the spread of pandemics, and landscape ecology. Landsc. Ecol 35, 2133–2140. https://doi-org.ez18.periodicos.capes.gov.br/10.1007/s10980-020-0092-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01092-8

Bambra C, Riordan R, Ford J. and Matthews F. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities. J Epidemiol Community Health, 74(11):964-968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214401

Bao R, Zhang A (2020). Does lockdown reduce air pollution? Evidence from 44 cities in northern China. Sci.Total Environ. 731, 139052, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139052

Bates AE, Primack RB, Moraga P, and Duarte CM (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown as a “Global Human Confinement Experiment” to investigate biodiversity conservation. Biological conservation, 248, 108665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108665

Bates AE, Primack RB, Duarte CM & PAN-Environment Working Group (2021). Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment. Biological Conservation, 109175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109175

Batthyány K (2021). Más de tres cuartas partes de personas vacunadas hasta hoy viven en países ricos. CLACSO https://www.clacso.org/mas-de-tres-cuartas-partes-de-personas-vacunadas-hasta-hoy-viven-en-paises-ricos/

Beldarraín Chaple ER (2020). La información científica confiable y la COVID-19. Revista Cubana de Información en Ciencias de la Salud, 31(3).

Bennett NJ & Roth R (2019). Realizing the transformative potential of conservation through the social sciences, arts and humanities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.07.023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31230/osf.io/c536p

Bennett NJ, Roth R, Klain SC, Chan K, Christie P, et al. (2017). Conservation social science: Understanding and integrating human dimensions to improve conservation. Biol. Conserv., 205, 93-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.006

Bertazzoni G, Ruggiero M and Bertazzoni B (2020). Spatial inequalities of COVID-19 in Italy. J-READING-Journal of Research and Didactics in Geography, 1. https://doi.org/10.4458/3099

Bezerra ACV, Silva CEMD, Soares FRG, Silva JAMD (2020). Factors associated with people’s behavior in social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 25, 2411–2421, https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256.1.10792020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256.1.10792020

Birn AE (2020). How to have narrative‐flipping history in a pandemic: Views of/from Latin America. Centaurus, 62(2): 354-369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12310

Blum B, Neumärker B (2020). Globalization, environmental damage and the Corona pandemic - lessons from the crisis for economic, environmental and social policy. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3613719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3613719

Bontempi E, Vergalli S, and Squazzoni F (2020). Understanding COVID-19 diffusion requires an interdisciplinary, multi-dimensional approach. Environmental Research, 188, 109814 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109814 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109814

Braga F, Scarpa GM, Brando VE, Manfè G, Zaggia L (2020). COVID-19 lockdown measures reveal human impact on water transparency in the Venice Lagoon. Science Total Environ. 736, 139612, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139612 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139612

Bright C (1999). Invasive species: pathogens of globalization. Foreign Policy, 116, 50-60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1149643

Bringel B (2020). Geopolítica de la pandemia, escalas de la crisis y escenarios en disputa. Geopolítica (s), 11, 173. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/geop.69310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/geop.69310

Brook BW, Sodhi NS and Bradshaw CJ (2008). Synergies among extinction drivers under global change. Trends Ecol. Evol., 23(8): 453-460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.011

Buckley R (2020). Conservation implications of COVID19: Effects via tourism and extractive industries. Biol. Conserv., 247, http://doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108640 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108640

Carbonbrief (2020). Analysis: Coronavirus temporarily reduced China's CO2 emissions by a quarter from Carbonbrief -Clear on Climate. https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-coronavirus-set-to-cause-largest-ever-annual-fall-in-co2-emissions?utm_source=Web&utm_medium=contentbox&utm_campaign=Covid-box Accessed 02.07.20)

Carlitz RD & Makhura MN (2021). Life under lockdown: Illustrating tradeoffs in South Africa’s response to COVID-19. World development, 137, 105168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105168

Cartenì A, Di Francesco L and Martino M (2020). How mobility habits influenced the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the Italian case study. Science of the Total Environment, 741, 140489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140489

Castellanos-Torres E, Mateos JT, Chilet-Rosell E (2020). COVID-19 en clave de género. Gaceta Sanitaria 34, 419-412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.04.007

Chakraborty I and Maity P (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: Migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Science Total Environ. 138882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882

Cobério CGV (2008). Os Sistemas-mundo e a Globalização. RACE-Revista de Administração, Contabilidade e Economia, 7(1): 53-70.

Coelho MTP, Rodrigues JFM, Medina AM, Scalco P, Terribile LC, Vilela B and Dobrovolski R (2020). Global expansion of COVID-19 pandemic is driven by population size and airport connections. PeerJ, 8, e9708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9708

Conticini E, Frediani B, Caro D (2020). Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy? Environ. Pollut., 21, 114465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114465. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114465

Corbera E, Anguelovski I, Honey-Rosés J, Ruiz-Mallén I (2020). Academia in the Time of COVID-19: towards an ethics of care. Plan Theory Pract., 21, 191–199, https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2020.1757891 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2020.1757891

Cordes J & Castro MC (2020). Spatial analysis of COVID-19 clusters and contextual factors in New York City. Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology, 34, 100355 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sste.2020.100355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sste.2020.100355

Corlett RT, Poonia A, Grelle CEV, Christianini A, Mujuni N (2020). How is the COVID-19 pandemic impacting protected area management? https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_is_the_COVID-19_pandemic_impacting_protected_area_management#view=5e974d62d8edad62df541921 Accessed 02.07.20).

Corlett RT, Primack RB, Devictor V, Maas B, Goswami VR, Bates AE, Cumming GS (2020). Impacts of the coronavirus pandemic on biodiversity conservation. Biol Conserv., 246, 108571, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108571

Cousins JJ (2020). Justice in nature-based solutions: Research and pathways. Ecol. Econom., 180, 106874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106874 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106874

Cumming GS (2016). The relevance and resilience of protected areas in the Anthropocene. Anthropocene, 13, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2016.03.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2016.03.003

Cyranoski D (2020). Mystery deepens over animal source of coronavirus. Nature, 579(7797), 18–19, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00548-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00548-w

Davis MA (2003). Biotic globalization: does competition from introduced species threaten biodiversity?. Bioscience, 53, 5, 481-489 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0481:BGDCFI]2.0.CO;2

de León-Martínez LD, Palacios-Ramírez A, Rodriguez-Aguilar M and Flores-Ramírez R (2020). Critical review of social, environmental and health risk factors in the Mexican indigenous population and their capacity to respond to the COVID-19. Science of The Total Environment, 733, 139357 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139357

DGHIC (2021). The Launch and Scale Speedometer is led by the Duke Global Health Innovation Center, https://launchandscalefaster.org/COVID-19

Diamond J (1997). Guns, germs, and steel. W. W. Norton, New York.

Dorninger C et al. (2021). Global patterns of ecologically unequal exchange: implications for sustainability in the 21st century. Ecol. Econom., 106824 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106824 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106824

Duhon J, Bragazzi N and Kong JD (2021). The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions, demographic, social, and climatic factors on the initial growth rate of COVID-19: A cross-country study. Science of The Total Environment, 760, 144325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144325

ECLAC - Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2015). Os povos indígenas na América Latina: avanços na última década e desafios pendentes para a garantia de seus direitos. Santiago do Chile: Nações Unidas. https://www.cepal.org/pt-br/publicaciones/37773-os-povos-indigenas-america-latina-avancos-ultima-decada-desafios-pendentes

ECLAC - Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2020). Alicia Bárcena llama a poner en el centro del debate la erradicación de la pobreza y a reconstruir mejor con igualdad y sostenibilidad. https://www.cepal.org/es/comunicados/alicia-barcena-llama-poner-centro-debate-la-erradicacion-la-pobreza-reconstruir-mejor Accessed 02.07.20)

Ehrenfeld D (2003). Globalization: effects on biodiversity, environment and society. Conservation and Society, 1, 1, 99-111

El-Hani CN and Machado V (2020). COVID-19: The need of an integrated and critical view. Ethnobiol. Conserv., 9. doi:10.15451/ec2020-05-9.18-1-20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2020-05-9.18-1-20

Elliott RJ, Schumacher I and Withagen C (2020). Suggestions for a Covid-19 post-pandemic research agenda in environmental economics. Environ. Resource Econom, 76, 1187-1213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00478-1

Escobar H (2020). Deforestation in Brazil is still rising sharply. Scienc. 369 (6504): 613, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.369.6504.613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.369.6504.613

Falquet J, Hirata H, Kergoat D, Labari B, Le Feuvre N, Sow F (2010). Le sexe de la mondialisation. Genre, classe, race et nouvelle division du travail. Les Presses de Sciences, 278, EAN : 9782724611458 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/scpo.falqu.2010.01

FAO and UNEP (2020). The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en DOI: https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en

Farzanegan MR, Feizi M and Gholipour HF (2020). Globalization and outbreak of COVID-19: An empirical analysis. MAGKS Papers on Economics, 202018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3618839

Fernandes N (2020). Economic Effects of Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) on the World Economy. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3557504 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557504

Fraser N, Brierley L, Dey G, Polka JK, Pálfy M, Nanni F and Coates JA (2021). The evolving role of preprints in the dissemination of COVID-19 research and their impact on the science communication landscape. PLoS biology, 19(4): e3000959. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000959 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000959

Gardiner B (2020). Why COVID-19 will end up harming the environment, National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment-and-conservation/2020/06/why-covid-19-will-end-up-harming-the-environment

Gills B (2020). Deep Restoration: from The Great Implosion to The Great Awakening. Globalizations, 17:4, 577-579, https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2020.1748364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2020.1748364

Global Witness (2020). Defending tomorrow. https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/land-and-environmental-defenders-annual-report-archive/ Accessed 15.08.20)

Grove M, Ogden L, Pickett S, Boone C, Buckley G, Locke DH, Hall B (2018). The legacy effect: understanding how segregation and environmental injustice unfold over time in Baltimore. Ann. Am. Assoc. Geog., 108, 524–537, https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365585 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365585

Helm D (2020). The environmental impacts of the coronavirus. Environ. Resour. Econom., 76(21): 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00426-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00426-z

Hobbs JE (2020). Food supply chains during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12237

Hooke RL, Martín-Duque JF (2012). Land transformation by humans: A review. Geological Society of America. 22 (12): 4–10, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAT151A.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAT151A.1

Hughes TP, Kerry JT, Baird AH, Connolly SR, Dietzel A. et al. (2018). Global warming transform coral reef assembrages. Nature. 556 (7702). 492–496. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0041-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0041-2

IUCN (2020). Conserving Nature in a time of crisis: Protected Areas and COVID-19. https://www.iucn.org/news/world-commission-protected-areas/202005/conserving-nature-a-time-crisis-protected-areas-and-covid-19 Accessed 02.07.20)

Jackson LE, Daniel J, McCorkle B, Sears A, Bush KF (2013). Linking ecosystem services and human health: the eco-health relationship browser. J. Public Health, 58(5): 747-755, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-0482-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-013-0482-1

Johnson CK, Hitchens PL, Pandit PS, Rushmore J, Evans TS et al. (2020). Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol], 287: 20192736 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2736

Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL and Daszak P (2008). Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 451, 990-993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06536

Kalmus V (2021). “Jobs that Really Matter”: Critical Reflections on Changes in Academic Lifeduring/after the Covid-19 Pandemic. TripleC19 (1): 255-261. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v19i1.1255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v19i1.1255

Kaneda T, Greenbaum C (2020). How Demographic Changes Make Us More Vulnerable to Pandemics Like the Coronavirus. PRB. https://www.prb.org/how-demographic-changes-make-us-more-vulnerable-to-pandemics-like-the-coronavirus/ Accessed 20.07.20)

Klemeš JJ, Van Fan Y, Tan RR and Jiang P (2020). Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 127, 109883, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109883 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109883

Laborde D, Martin W and Vos R (2020). Poverty and food insecurity could grow dramatically as COVID-19 spreads. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI): Washington, DC. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133762_02

Latour B (2020). No es el fin del mundo, es una advertencia. Chicago Tribune. Available in: https://www.chicagotribune.com/espanol/sns-es-no-es-fin-mundo-.

Lau JD (2020). Three lessons for gender equity in biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology, https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13487

Laurencin CT, McClinton A (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: a call to action to identify and address racial and ethnic disparities. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 43(1): 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00756-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00756-0

Leddy AM, Weiser SD, Palar K and Seligman H (2020). A conceptual model for understanding the rapid COVID-19–related increase in food insecurity and its impact on health and healthcare. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, 112(5): 1162-1169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa226

Lidskog R and Waterton C (2016). Anthropocene–a cautious welcome from environmental sociology?. Environ, Sociol., 2(4): 395-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2016.1210841 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2016.1210841

Litonjua MD (2012). Third world/global south: From modernization, to dependency/liberation, to post-development. J. Third World Stud., 29(1): 25–56, https://doi.org/10.2307/45194852

Ludovic J, Bourdin S, Nadou F and Noiret G (2020). Economic globalization and the COVID-19 pandemic: global spread and inequalities. Bull. World Health Organ. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.261099 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.20.261099

Mallapaty S (2020). How sewage could reveal true scale of coronavirus outbreak. Nature 580, 176–177. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00973-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00973-x

Mallee H (2020). A time for transdisciplinarity. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.09.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.09.011

Manenti R, Mori E, Di Canio V, Mercurio S, Picone et al. (2020). The good, the bad and the ugly of COVID-19 lockdown effects on wildlife conservation: Insights from the first European locked down country. Biological conservation, 249, 108728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108728

Mariutti EB (2004). Considerações sobre a perspectiva do sistema-mundo. Novos Estudos CEBRAP, 69, 71-88.

Martines MR, Ferreira RV, Toppa RH, Assunção LM, Desjardins MR and Delmelle EM (2021). Detecting space–time clusters of COVID-19 in Brazil: mortality, inequality, socioeconomic vulnerability, and the relative risk of the disease in Brazilian municipalities. Journal of Geographical Systems, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-020-00344-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.14.20131102

McMichael AJ (2013). Globalization, climate change, and human health. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(14): 1335-1343 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1109341

Mishra K, Rampal J (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and food insecurity: A viewpoint on India. World Development, 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105068

Moodie R, Stuckler D, Monteiro C, Sheron N, Neal B, Thamarangsi T, et al. (2013). Profits and pandemics: prevention of harmful effects of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink industries. The Lancet, 381(9867): 670–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62089-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62089-3

Morand S (2020). Emerging diseases, livestock expansion and biodiversity loss are positively related at global scale. Biol. Conserv., 248, 108707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108707 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108707

Morin E (2020). “Lo que el coronavirus nos está diciendo”. Servindi.

Morrison J (2020). Exposure and Inequalities: African Descendants During COVID-19 https://www.latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/blog/2020/ser-afrodescendiente-durante-el-covid-19--exposicion-y-desiguald.html Accessed 07.09.20)

Musavengane R, Leonard L (2019). When Race and Social Equity Matters in Nature Conservation in Post-apartheid South Africa. Conservation & Society, 17(2): 135–146. from https://www.jstor.org/stable/26611740 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_18_23

Nagarajan C, Le Masson V, Benoudji C, Reyes SS, Ensor MO, Kellogg M et al. (2020). Gender, Climate & Security: Sustaining Inclusive Peace on the Frontlines of Climate Change. United Nations Environment Programme, UN Women, UNDP and UNDPPA/PBSO. https://gender-nr-peace.org/assets/2020_GCS_Report/GCS_PolicyReport_200611.pdf.

Nepstad D, Schwartzman S, Bamberger B, Santilli M, Ray D, et al. (2006). Inhibition of Amazon deforestation and fire by parks and indigenous lands. Conservation Biology 20(1): 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00351.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00351.x

O'Hara S and Toussaint E C (2020). Food access in crisis: Food security and COVID-19. Ecological Economics, 180, 106859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106859

Ortiz R (2006). Mundialization/globalization. Theory, Culture & Society, 23(2-3): 401-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/026327640602300270

Pauly D, Christensen V, Dalsgaard J, Froese R, Torres FJ. (1998). Fishing down the marine food webs. Science 279 (5352): 860–863. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5352.860 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5352.860

Pinder AC, Raghavan R, Britton JR, Cooke S (2020). COVID-19 and biodiversity: The paradox of cleaner rivers and elevated extinction risk to iconic fish species. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 30(6): 1061–1062. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3416 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3416

Pinho CES (2020). Pandemia global, governo e desigualdade no Brasil: Um olhar das ciências sociais. Instituto Humanitas Unisinos http://www.ihu.unisinos.br/78-noticias/597877-pandemia-global-governo-e-desigualdade-no-brasil-um-olhar-das-ciencias-sociais Accessed 13.07.20).

Pires RRC (2020). Os Efeitos sobre grupos sociais e territórios vulnerabilizados das medidas de enfrentamento à crise sanitária da Covid-19: propostas para o aperfeiçoamento da ação pública. Boletim de Análise Político-Institucional, IPEA, http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/handle/11058/9839

Pochmann M (2000). Economia global e a nova Divisão Internacional do Trabalho. IE/Unicamp, Campinas. http://decon.edu.uy/network/panama/POCHMANN.PDF

Prata JC, Silva AL, Walker TR, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T (2020). COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on the use and management of plastics. Environ Sci Technol 54(13): 7760–7765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02178

Pritchard HD, Arthern RJ, Vaugham DG, Edwards LA (2009). Extensive dynamic thinning on the margins of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. Nature 461 (7266): 971–975, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08471

Pullano G, Valdano E, Scarpa N, Rubrichi S and Colizza V (2020). Evaluating the effect of demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, and risk aversion on mobility during the COVID-19 epidemic in France under lockdown: a population-based study. The Lancet Digital Health, 2, e638-e649. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30243-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30243-0

Rafols I & Leydesdorff L (2009). Content‐based and algorithmic classifications of journals: Perspectives on the dynamics of scientific communication and indexer effects. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(9): 1823-1835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21086

Ribeiro SP, Dáttilo W, Barbosa DS, Coura-Vital W, Chagas IAD, Dias CP and Reis AB (2020). Worldwide COVID-19 spreading explained: traveling numbers as a primary driver for the pandemic. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 92(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202020201139

Ribera MC (2020). Globalización, Antropoceno y especies exóticas invasoras. The climate crisis in mediterranean europe: cross-border and multidisciplinary issues on climate change, 56.

Ríos Burga J (2020). The root crisis of the modern colonial being at the height of COVID-19. Espiral (Guadalajara): 27(78-79): 47-75. 10.32870/eees.v28i78-79.7207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32870/eees.v28i78-79.7207

Rose-Redwood R, Kitchin R, Apostolopoulou E, Rickards L, Blackman T, Crampton J and Buckley M (2020). Geographies of the COVID-19 pandemic. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(2): 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820620936050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820620936050

Rutz C, Loretto MC, Bates AE, Davidson SC, Duarte CM, Jetz W et al. (2020). COVID-19 lockdown allows researchers to quantify the effects of human activity on wildlife. Nat Ecol Evol, 4(9): 1156-1159. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1237-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1237-z

Saadat S, Rawtani D, Hussain CM (2020). Environmental perspective of COVID-19. Science of The Total Environment, 138870, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138870

Sanderson EW, Jaiteh M, Levy MA, Redford KH, Wannebo AV, Wollmer G (2002). The human footprint and the last of the wild. BioScience 52, 891–904. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0891:THFATL]2.0.CO;2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0891:THFATL]2.0.CO;2

Schell CJ, Dyson K, Fuentes TL, Des Roches S, Harris NC, Miller DS et al. (2020). The ecological and evolutionary consequences of systemic racism in urban environments. Science, 369(6510), https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay4497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay4497

Searle A, Turnbull J & Lorimer J (2021). After the anthropause: Lockdown lessons for more‐than‐human geographies. The Geographical Journal, 187(1): 69-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12373

Segato R (2020). Todos somos mortales: del significante vacío a la naturaleza abierta de la historia. Lobo Suelto. Available in: http://lobosuelto.com/todos-somos-mortales-segato/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1gm027x.45

Silva Filho OJD, Gomes Júnior NN (2020). The future at the kitchen table: COVID-19 and the food supply. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36, e00095220. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00095220 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00095220

Silva ALP, Prata JC, Walker TR, Duarte AC, Ouyang W, Barcelò D, Rocha-Santos T (2020). Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and recommendations. Chem Eng J, 405, 126683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126683 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126683

Sklair L (2020). Globalization and the challenge of the Anthropocene. In Challenges of Globalization and Prospects for an Inter-civilizational World Order (pp. 77-87). Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44058-9_5

Smith MKS, Smit IP, Swemmer LK, Mokhatla MM, Freitag S, Roux DJ and Dziba L (2021). Sustainability of protected areas: Vulnerabilities and opportunities as revealed by COVID-19 in a national park management agency. Biological Conservation, 255, 108985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108985

Sousa Santos B (2020). La cruel pedagogía del virus. Ed. CLACSO, Buenos Aires. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1gm01nn

Sugai LS (2020). Pandemics and the Need for Automated Systems for Biodiversity Monitoring. The Journal of Wildlife Management, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21946

Sun Y, Hu X and Xie J (2021). Spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. Science of The Total Environment, 758, 143595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143595 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143595

Svampa M (2020). Reflexiones para un mundo post-coronavirus. Revista Nueva Sociedad. https://www.nuso.org/articulo/reflexiones-para-un-mundo-post-coronavirus/

Swinburn BA, Kraak VI, Allender S, Atkins VJ, Baker PI, Bogard et al. (2019). The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: the Lancet Commission report. The Lancet, 393(10173): 791-846. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8

Szalkowicz G (2020). Los pueblos originarios de América Latina en la era Covid-19. https://www.telesurtv.net/opinion/Los-pueblos-originarios-de-America-Latina-en-la-era-Covid-19-20200503-0019.html Accessed 02.07.20)

Tatem AJ Hay SI and Rogers DJ (2006). “Global traffic and disease vector dispersal”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 16, 6242-6247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508391103

Taylor L (2020). Coronavirus in the Amazon. New Scientist, 245, 10, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(20)31121-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30383-3

Taylor M (2009). Who works for globalisation? The challenges and possibilities for international labour studies. Third World Quarterly, 30(3): 435-452. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590902742230 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590902742230

Therien JP (1999). Beyond the North-South divide: the two tales of world poverty. Third World Quarterly, 20(4): 723–742, https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599913523 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599913523

United Nations (2020). https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg2 Accessed 12.08.20

Vale MM, Berenguer E, de Menezes MA, de Castro EBV, de Siqueira LP and Rita de Cássia QP (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic as an opportunity to weaken environmental protection in Brazil. Biological conservation, 255, 108994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.108994

Vieira T (2020). The lose-lose dilemmas of Barcelona’s platform delivery workers in the age of COVID-19. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1): 100059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100059

Visagie J and Turok I (2020). Rural–urban inequalities amplified by COVID-19: evidence from South Africa. Area Development and Policy, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2020.1851143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2020.1851143

Visconti P, Butchart SHM, Brooks TM, Langhammer PF, Marnewick D, Vergara S, Yanosky A, Watson JEM (2019). Protected area targets post-2020. Science, 364, 239–241, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav6886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav6886

Von der Lippe M and Kowarik I (2008). “Do cities export biodiversity? Traffic as dispersal vector across urban–rural gradients”,Diversity and Distributions, 14:18-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00401.x

Wallerstein IM (2005). Análisis de sistemas-mundo: una introducción. ed. Siglo xxi, México.

Wallerstein I (2011). El debate en torno a la economía política del moderno Sistema-Mundial. Mundo Siglo XXI, revista del CIECAS-IPN, 24, 5-12

WCS (2020). Updates on COVID-19 Coronavirus. Wildlife Conservation Society https://www.wcs.org/get-involved/updates/a-primer-on-the-coronavirus Accessed 05.08.20

Weaver F (2000). Latin America in the world economy: mercantile colonialism to global capitalism. New York: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429499357

Weill JA, Stigler M, Deschenes O, Springborn MR (2020). Social distancing responses to COVID-19 emergency declarations strongly differentiated by income. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(33): 19658–19660, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009412117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009412117

Weiss RA and McMichael A (2004). Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Nature medicine 10.12, S70-S76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1150

Williams M, Zalasiewicz J, Haff PK, Schwägerl C, Barnosky AD and Ellis EC (2015). The anthropocene biosphere. The Anthropocene Review, 2(3): 196-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019615591020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019615591020

Winter S (2020). Mehr Wald geht durch Corona verloren. World Wildlife Foundation. https://blog.wwf.de/wald-corona/

Wu X, Nethery RC, Sabath BM, Braun D, Dominici F (2020). Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States. MedRxiv, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20054502 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20054502

WWF (2020). Fires, forests and the future: a crisis raging out of control? https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/forests_practice/forest_publications_news_and_reports/fires_forests/

WWF (2020). WWF Launches ‘Planet-Based Diets’ - for Human Health and the Future of the Planet. https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/press_releases/local_press_releases/?944291/WWF-Launches-Planet-Based-Diets b

Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, et al.(2020). Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of infectious diseases. 94, 91-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017

Yi H, Kreuter UP, Han D, Güneral B (2019). Social segregation of ecosystem services delivery in the San Antonio region, Texas, through 2050. Science of the total environment, 667, 234–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.130

Zambrano-Monserrate MA, Ruano MA, Sanchez-Alcalde L (2020). Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Science Total Environ., 138813, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138813 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138813

Zerefos CS, Solomos S, Kapsomenakis J et al (2021) Lessons learned and questions raised during and post-COVID-19 anthropopause period in relation to the environment and climate. Environ Dev Sustain 23, 10623–10645 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01075-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01075-4

Downloads

Published

03/07/2023

How to Cite

Hirschfeld, M. N., R Faria, L. R. ., Gil, G. de S., & Fonseca, C. R. (2023). Applying the World-System theory in the conservation sciences to understand COVID-19 pandemic as a socio-environmental synergy. Ethnobiology and Conservation, 12. https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2023-03-12.02-1-15

Issue

Section

Original research article