Functional responses and adaptation strategies of pastoral households to drought and volcanic ashfall in Northern Patagonia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2026-05-15-12-1-21Palabras clave:
análisis de arquetipos, aación colectiva, conectividad, tierras áridas, resiliencia, modos de vida, medio de vidaResumen
El ganado constituye la principal fuente de alimentos e ingresos, además de ser un activo sociocultural clave para los hogares pastoriles en entornos áridos y marginados. En las tierras áridas del norte de Patagonia (Argentina), estos hogares han enfrentado repetidas sequías en las últimas dos décadas y una gran caída de ceniza volcánica en 2011, que redujo a la mitad sus rodeos. La mayoría de los hogares fue gravemente afectado, pero mientras algunos lograron resistir o recuperarse, otros sufrieron un estrés prolongado o directamente emigraron. A través de entrevistas en profundidad con 33 hogares pastoriles en Pilcaniyeu (Río Negro), investigamos los factores que moldearon sus respuestas funcionales y estrategias adaptativas frente a estos impactos. Analizamos decisiones de medios de vida, interacciones sociales y cambios en los activos de los hogares antes de la erupción (2011), durante los seis meses posteriores y ocho años más tarde (2019), identificando cuatro arquetipos estructurales y cuatro de respuestas funcionales, junto con sus estrategias de adaptación. Las características estructurales y las respuestas funcionales no estuvieron directamente co-determinadas: las respuestas fueron habilitadas por activos, conocimientos y capital social, mediados por la motivación individual y la agencia colectiva. Nuestros resultados destacan que, en estos entornos, el acceso a telecomunicaciones y conectividad vial son factores críticos para habilitar estrategias adaptativas, especialmente cuando dependen de la acción colectiva. Estos resultados aportan una metodología novedosa para comprender y categorizar estrategias de adaptación y resaltan la necesidad de políticas públicas e infraestructura que fortalezcan las interacciones sociales y la resiliencia comunitaria.
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